A Raisin In The Sun Analysis Essay Example For Students

A Raisin In The Sun Analysis Essay Outline1 Introduction2 The Dreams of Black People3 The Conflict of Lofty Dreams4 Dreaming through the eyes of everyone.5 Conclusion Presentation A Raisin in the Sun uncovers that the story is about The Youngers, a dark American family. The leader of this family, Mr. More youthful has passed on and the protection cash of 10,000 USD is because of his family. The similar characters investigation in look into papers of every persona shows that they have their fantasies which they plan to acknowledge and don't share each other’s dreams. In this manner, they are separated on how the cash ought to be spent. The fantasy of Mama is to fabricate a house, that of Walter is to put into an alcohol organization and the Beneathea’s is to put resources into her clinical instruction while she likewise harbors fantasies about discovering her character in Africa. The fantasy of Walters spouse is equivalent to the fantasy of Mama which is to guarantee they have a progressively agreeable home. The Dreams of Black People Beneatha Younger was a noisy, astute, and new mouthed lady, her fantasy was to be a specialist and to some way or another raise her kin up. At the point when Mama put in a safe spot the cash for Beneathas training, Beneatha accepted that her fantasy would be figured it out. At the point when the cash was found to be lost, she thought her fantasy exploded in smoke. This fantasy wasnt the mission that she was expected to do however, her journey was to locate her African side and to interface with it. Beneatha began to satisfy this by conversing with Asagai (a man from Africa). She let him know, Mr. Asagai-I need each a lot to converse with you. About Africa. Mr. Aasagai, I am searching for my character. Asagai turned into a connect to Africa for Beneatha, a manual for her family line/roots. In Act II, Beneatha shows how she has associated with her African roots by doing a stylized move and by trimming her hair so it would normal. In Act III, Beneatha has the chance to associate more wi th her underlying foundations when Asagai proposes to her. He needs her to go with him back to Africa so she can rehearse medication over yonder. This would be the satisfaction of Beneathas journey, in addition to the fact that she brings out her African culture, however she additionally will return and live it. Beneatha additionally drew out the African in others also. At the point when Walter strolled in alcoholic, he started to communicate as he thinks back to the past. Walter had his own journeys also. Walter was a significant character in this book, he had probably the greatest dreams and the most desire to satisfy those. Walters dream was to have an office and to be fruitful. He needed to have a cultivator and he needed to have the option to send his child to any school that he needed. Walters mission was to take care of business, a man can be trusted and a man who stands up even with affliction. Toward the finish of Act II Scene I, Walter tells Mama, What you need me to state you done well for? You the leader of this family. Walter wont grow up until he has the responsibilty of being leader of the family, yet Mama entrusts this to him later. It aint much, yet its all I got on the planet and Im placing it in your grasp. Im advising you to be the leader of this family fro now on like you expected to be, Mama told Walter in Act II Scene II. This was the defining moment for Walter, presently Walter was endowed to settle on the choices for the family. His masculinity was likewise put down however, particularly after he lost the cash. That isn't a man. That is only a toothless rodent. Beneatha said this after Walter lost the cash, however this likewise stripped Walters new masculinity away. It wasnt even created and it was at that point gone. Walters journey was satisfied however, toward the finish of Act III he held fast against Mr. Lindner and chosen to move. Mother stated, He at long last come into his masculinity today, didnt he? Sort of like a rainbow after the downpour. Walter discovered his spine and turned into a man, some portion of Mamas mission. Understudies and School Uniforms EssayMamas dream was to have her very own place with a little nursery for blossoms. She was the authority of the family, after her better half kicked the bucket she was the person who needed to take care of the prosperity of the family. It was Mamas occupation to settle on the choices and to ensure that everybody grew up effectively. Moms journey was to pass at work of leader of the family on to Walter and to ensure that he was prepared for it. At the point when Mama endowed the cash to Walter, she enabled him to settle on the choices for the family. This was half of her mission, the other half was satisfied when Walter turned into a man and chose to move to Clybourne Park. Clybourne Park was a white neighborhood yet it was the most reasonable for the family. Mother had utilized $3,500 for an initial installment on the house, however when Walter lost the cash the idea of moving was sketchy. It was Walters choice to move or not, and he did. He crossed into masculinity by then, in this way satisfying the remainder of Mamas journey. These characters all had different missions/objectives that were very surprising from their fantasies. These missions were satisfied or were near being satisfied toward the finish of Act III. Beneathas dream was to turn into a specialist however her mission was to connect with her African roots. Toward the finish of the book she had made her hair characteristic, played out a stately move, and was offered the opportunity to go to Africa and practice medication there. Walters dream was to be effective however his journey was to take care of business, leader of the family. He became leader of the family when Mama offered it to him and he really turned into a man when he held fast and chose to move to Clybourne Park. Mothers dream was to claim a house with a graden however her journey was to pass the job of leader of the family to Walter and to ensure he turned into a man. Mother passed the job when she gave him the cash and toward the finish of Act III she was pushing Walter to settle o n the correct choice. Every one of these characters had a fantasy, however they additionally had a mission to satisfy a street to travel. The fantasies may have been conceded, yet the journeys were the things that truly made a difference.

Comparing and Constrasting Jack and Algernon Essay -- The Importance o

Contrasting and Constrasting Jack and Algernon In this Essay I will look into the characters of Jack and Algernon. I will do this by taking a gander at their conduct and mentalities towards f food, marriage, ladies, social class, training and cash. I will try to show that these characters are not disparate as we may initially be persuaded. I will utilize both the content just as the cutting edge film variant to demonstrate my thoughts. Algernon Moncrief lives in a costly level situated in Half-Moon Road. He is an emotive character simply like Wilde himself. Most definitely, assumption is my strong point. We think he is rich, which, in any case, soon, particularly in the advanced film rendition, is demonstrated to not be right. Directly toward the beginning individuals who he owes cash pursue him. Likewise his steward Lane gripes about him not paying his solitary. Algernon originates from a rich family. His auntie, Augusta Bracknell, is extremely rich. So as to keep up his live style and his place in the public arena he needs to eat with his auntie a reasonable not many occasions. Time after time as he would see it. I feasted there on Monday, and once seven days is sufficiently very It gives us that Algernon anticipates a ton, an elevated requirement of living however isn't set up to effectively accomplish and to merit it. He needs it introduced to him on a salver. Eating with his auntie is even excessively. Algernon isn't not kidding in any way. He cherishes looking at everything, offering remarks and expressions and communicating his conclusion to everything. He has a rich auntie and doesn't have to stress over anything, with the exception of what he will eat. Jack is likewise fortuned. He acquired some cash from the late Mr Thomas Cardew. An affluent man who discovered him the cloakroom of Victoria station... ... being great constantly. That would be lip service. Gwendolyn furthermore, Cecily are pulled in by the devilish and offensive foundations of Algernon and Jack and are not so much intrigued by who they truly are, the length of their name is Ernest. Cecily keeps a journal and in her journal she is now connected with to Algernon(Ernest) months before he has requested that her wed him. On the fourteenth of February last. Exhausted by your whole obliviousness of my reality, I resolved to end the issue one way or the other, and after a long battle with myself I acknowledged you under this dear old tree here Cecily loathes training. She wouldn't like to learn thus this shows that she wouldn't like to utilize or squander it. This can likewise be appeared, as she writtes a journal and says that she doesn't confide in her memory. She likes perusing and keeping in touch with her journal which resembles her memory.

Ambien Withdrawal Symptoms, Timeline, & Treatment

Ambien Withdrawal Symptoms, Timeline, & Treatment February 16, 2020 More in Addiction Coping and Recovery Overcoming Addiction Methods and Support Personal Stories Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Nicotine Use In This Article Table of Contents Expand Overview Signs & Symptoms Coping & Relief Warnings Long-Term Treatment Ambien (zolpidem) is a prescription medication used to treat insomnia. It belongs to a group of drugs called sedative-hypnotics that work by depressing the central nervous system and slowing down brain activity. While Ambien is generally considered safer than certain other sedatives, it can still be misused. Long-term use may lead to tolerance, dependence, and withdrawal.  Verywell / Gary Ferster Overview If you’ve been taking large doses of Ambien for more than a few weeks, you may experience withdrawal symptoms upon stopping. These symptoms can range from a general unwell feeling to tremors, panic attacks, and vomiting. Case reports suggest that withdrawal symptoms are most common among people who quit abruptly after long-term or heavy use.  Ambien is also sometimes used recreationally (which includes taking larger doses than prescribed or intentionally staying awake after taking) to take advantage of the drug’s intoxicating effects. Ambien dependence is more likely in people with a history of drug or alcohol misuse. Dependence and withdrawal are rare in people taking Ambien exactly as directed, but it can happen. According to the drug manufacturer, withdrawal symptoms appear in about 1% of people taking a therapeutic dose. However, clinical trials did not incorporate the experiences of people misusing Ambien. The effects of Ambien are akin to alcohol intoxication, causing impaired judgment, slurred speech, and behavioral changes. Ambien misuse is most common among teenagers and young adults. Occasional recreational use in social situations sometimes develops into a regular habit. The drug is sometimes used as a substitute for other substances or to counterbalance the effects of stimulants and is sometimes snorted or injected for that purpose. People in drug treatment programs may start using it to treat withdrawal symptoms or to get high on something that doesn’t show up on most drug tests. Signs Symptoms Although it was previously believed to be rare, new research suggests that withdrawal symptoms may be common among those who take the drug more frequently or in higher doses than prescribed.?? Unfortunately, there is very little data available about Ambien withdrawal, and further research is needed. From reports of specific cases, clinicians know that Ambien withdrawal can range from mild to severe and depend on factors such as how long you have used Ambien, the dosage youre taking, in what form youve taken Ambien (i.e., swallowed as a pill vs. snorting or injecting the substance), and your unique genetic makeup. Mild symptoms can include insomnia and restlessness. These symptoms may be bothersome and can interfere slightly with your day-to-day activities. Severe withdrawal symptoms, which would prevent you from engaging in normal activities, include flu-like symptoms such as nausea and vomiting, sweating, and muscle cramps. There are reports of people experiencing severe anxiety and nervousness. It is also possible to experience tremors, become lightheaded, have a panic attack, or even potentially have a seizure. Ambien withdrawal symptoms would begin within several hours to a couple of days after your last dose and should resolve within a matter of days. Possible Ambien Withdrawal Symptoms Physical Restlessness Hand tremors Headache Sweating Racing pulse Hyperventilation Nausea or vomiting Aches and pains Speech difficulties Hypertension Psychological Anxiety Panic attacks Insomnia Confusion or delirium These symptoms may be compounded by the effects of other substances youre taking. Coping Relief If you take a regular therapeutic dose of Ambien, it is unlikely that you will experience withdrawal symptoms. You may, however, have trouble sleeping without it. To train your body to fall asleep without sleep aids, you may choose to taper your dose over the course of one to two weeks. You can use a pill cutter, which you can pick up at any pharmacy, to chop your pill into halves and quarters. You should, however, consult your doctor before making changes to your medications. If you are still having trouble sleeping, consider talking to your doctor about melatonin as an alternative. Melatonin is a natural chemical produced in the brain that helps regulate your sleep cycles. As you get older, your brain doesn’t produce as much melatonin as it used to. A melatonin supplement at bedtime can help. There are also other herbal remedies that can help you fall asleep, such as valerian root and chamomile tea.   If you are experiencing severe symptoms of Ambien withdrawal, your doctor or inpatient programs physician may recommend the short-term use of a sedative such as Klonopin (clonazepam), an antipsychotic like Seroquel (quetiapine), or an anticonvulsant such as Neurontin (gabapentin). How Exactly Does Stress Affect Sleep? Warnings Talk to your doctor before making any changes to your medication. If you are worried about withdrawal, your doctor can help you safely taper down your dose. If you are pregnant or planning on becoming pregnant, talk to your doctor right away. Ambien can be potentially harmful to a developing fetus. If you regularly take a higher than normal dose of Ambien, you may be at increased risk of severe withdrawal symptoms. You should speak with your doctor and refrain from self-medicating with other drugs or alcohol. Long-Term Treatment Recovery from an Ambien use disorder can be difficult. If you are having trouble quitting or are trying to quit more than one substance, then it’s important to ask for help. That help may be medical, psychological, or social. Outpatient treatment comes in many forms. You may choose to start with your regular doctor or a psychiatrist who can help you with medically-assisted detox. You may also choose to see a therapist for therapy. Psychotherapy can help you identify triggers that motivate your substance use and teach you the skills to handle those situations. Other long-term treatment options include group therapy sessions and 12-Step meetings. Group therapy sessions are offered at hospitals and addiction treatment centers. 12-Step meetings like Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) and Narcotics Anonymous (NA) take place every day in cities and towns throughout the country. If you need more support than outpatient treatments or 12-Step programs can provide, you may want to consider spending some time in an inpatient treatment facility. Resources If you are ready to quit taking Ambien, the best place to start is with your prescribing doctor. Your doctor can advise you about the best way to quit and help you develop a plan to deal with any potential withdrawal symptoms. If you or someone you love is struggling with other substance use issues, you may want to seek out a qualified mental health provider or addiction specialist. The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) offers a searchable directory that can help you find a provider in your area. You can also call SAMHSA’s national helpline at 1-800-662-HELP. To find a 12-Step meeting in your area, use searchable online directories for Alcoholics Anonymous and Narcotics Anonymous. A Word From Verywell Ambien use disorder is a potentially serious problem. If you have been taking Ambien in ways other than how it was prescribed or are worried about Ambien withdrawal symptoms, dont hesitate to ask for help. How to Find the Right Addiction Recovery Program

Habits and Traits of the Asian Longhorned Beetle, Anoplophora glabripennis

A recent immigrant to the United States, the Asian longhorned beetle (ALB) made its presence known quickly. Accidental introductions, probably in wooden packing crates from China, led to infestations in New York and Chicago in the 1990s. Thousands of trees were chipped and burned to prevent its spread. More recently, Anoplophora glabripennis appeared in New Jersey and Toronto, Canada. What makes this beetle so dangerous to our trees? All four stages of the life cycle damage the host trees. Description: The Asian Longhorned Beetle belongs to the family of wood boring beetles, Cerambycidae. Adult beetles measure 1-1 ½ inches in length. Their shiny black bodies have white spots or markings, and the long antennae have alternating black and white stripes. The Asian longhorned beetle may be mistaken for two species native to the U.S., the cottonwood borer and the whitespotted sawyer. All other stages of the life cycle occur within the host tree, so its not likely you will see them. The female chews away a small amount of bark and lays white, oval eggs singly within the tree. Larvae, which are also white and resemble small grubs, chew their way through the vascular tissue of the tree and move into the wood. Pupation happens within the tunnels the larvae create in the wood. The newly emerged adult chews its way out of the tree. Usually, identification of this pest is made by observing damage to the host trees, and then finding an adult beetle to confirm the suspected infestation. When the female oviposits, it causes the sap to weep. When a tree has multiple wounds with dripping sap, wood borers may be suspected. As the adults chew their way out of the tree, they push large amounts of sawdust from their exit holes. This accumulated sawdust, usually around the base of the tree or piled in the crotch of branches, is another sign of the Asian longhorned beetle. The adult beetle emerges from an oval exit hole about the size of a pencil eraser. Classification: Kingdom - AnimaliaPhylum - ArthropodaClass - InsectaOrder - ColeopteraFamily - CerambycidaeGenus - AnoplophoraSpecies - A. glabripennis Diet: Asian longhorned beetles feed on wood of many common hardwood species: birches, common horsechestnuts, elms, hackberries, London planes, maples, mountain ashes, poplars, aspens, and willows. They show a particular preference for maples. Larvae feed on the phloem tissue and wood; adults feed on bark during their mating and egg-laying period. Life Cycle: Asian longhorned beetles undergo complete metamorphosis with four stages: egg, larva, pupa, and adult. Egg - Eggs are laid singly within the host trees bark, and hatch in 1-2 weeks.Larva  - Newly hatched larvae tunnel into the vascular tissue of the tree. As they mature, larvae migrate into the wood, causing extensive damage. Larvae may reach 5 cm in length when fully grown, feeding for at least 3 months.Pupa - At maturity, the larvae move near the surface of the tree (under the bark) to pupate. Adults emerge in about 18 days.Adult - The adult beetles actively mate and lay eggs throughout the summer and fall. Special Adaptations and Defenses: Asian longhorned beetle larvae and adults chew wood with large mandibles. Adults, especially males, display long antennae used to sense the sex pheromones of potential mates. Habitat: Areas where host trees are available, particularly where maples, elms, and ash are in abundance. In the U.S. and Canada, known Asian longhorned beetle infestations have occurred in urban areas. Range: The Asian longhorned beetles native range includes China and Korea. Accidental introductions expanded the range to include the United States, Canada, and Austria, hopefully temporarily. The introduced populations are believed to be under control. Other Common Names: Starry sky beetle, Asian cerambycid beetle Sources: Asian Longhorned Beetle, Canadian Forest ServiceAsian Longhorned Beetle, University of Vermont Entomology Researh Laboratory

Social Work Reflection Paper - 871 Words

A helping profession is one that nurtures the growth of or addresses the problems of a persons physical, psychological, intellectual, emotional or spiritual well-being. At this stage of my life Social Work is what I am most interested in practicing because it provides opportunities for me to work in many different settings with people whose problems, issues and needs are diverse. My second choice would then be guidance counseling which is the process of helping individuals discover and develop their educational, vocational, and psychological potentialities and thereby achieve an optimal level of personal happiness and social usefulness. I am interested in the helping profession because I have a strong desire to help others in difficult†¦show more content†¦According to the Merriam-Webster dictionary justice is ‘the maintenance or administration of what is just especially by the impartial adjustment of conflicting claims or the assignment of merited rewards or punishments.’ Oxford dictionary states it as ‘just behavior or treatment.’ Wikipedia says ‘The Western notion of justice is a concept of moral rightness based on ethics, rationality, law, natural law, religion or equity. It is also the act of being just and/or fair.’ Whatever the various definitions of justice are, as a social worker my work should be aimed at providing justice for my clients whenever the situation arises. Being a personal value of mine, justice can both advance and hinder my work. It can advance my work because of the drive and belief I have in its execution. I will be motivated to go beyond the call of duty to ensure that justice is served and I will be empowered to stand up for what is right and fair. However, how far beyond the call of duty I go can hinder my work. If I let my personal views of justice get the better of me I can end up going too far in my intentions and make the case even worse than it was. My reaction to situations will play an important part in my work as a social worker. My feelings, thoughts and reaction to situations are what will allow/enable me to carry out my responsibilitiesShow MoreRelatedReflection Paper On Social Work2061 Words   |  9 Pagespictures painted in my mind about how hands on Social Work was carried out in the â€Å"real† world. Several family members warned me about high burnout and nearly discouraged the challenging journey I had worked so hard to begin. 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Meaning that people adapt to the status of the state and what is made available. Both my parents work in orderRead MoreEng 225 Week 5 Film Critique Final Paper836 Words   |  4 PagesENG 225 Week 5 Film Critique Final Paper Click Link Below To Buy: http://hwcampus.com/shop/eng-225/eng-225-week-5-film-critique-final-paper/ Or Visit www.hwcampus.com ENG 225 Week 5 Film Critique Final Paper Focus of the Final Film Critique Throughout this course, you have been compiling a blog and writing essays that analyze various elements of film such as theme, cinematic techniques, and genre. 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Pestel and Porters Tesco Free Essays

PESTEL provides an analysis into the external business factors which may effect the company performances. It can be used on a daily, weekly, monthly and yearly basis to analysis the macro environmental effects on a company. POLITICAL-EU Free trading laws promoting trade between western and eastern European resulting in expansion of tesco retail outlets ECONOMIC-Economic recession has affected consumers buying behaviors. We will write a custom essay sample on Pestel and Porters Tesco or any similar topic only for you Order Now Consumers buy essential commodities however the demand for luxury has decreased. Consumers spend less time eating out and spend more time eating in, in order to cut down on cost. SOCIAL-The majority of the uk population is made up of retired people who spend less on food and eat less. Consumer attitude changing to become more healthy. Increase in demand for organic foods. Increase in UK ethnicity population has lead to a wide range of food items available in store TECHNOLOGICAL-Increase in population access to internet has caused an increase in Online grocery shopping. Loyaty programs has enabled tesco to analyze consumers spending habits. Mobile technology allowing convenient shopping on mobile devices. Self service tills makes buying quicker for customers ENVIRONMENTAL-Incentives to re-use bags and be more environmentally friendly. Recycling center’s available at tescos. Carbon foot print data available on some products. Greener living scheme which advices customers on environmental issues such as how to reduce food waste and carbon foot print when preparing meals LEGAL-Increase in VAT rate will affect the non-food sector of tescos. Increase of minimum wage of over 21s (from 6. 08 to 6. 9) impacts operating costs. PORTERS 5 forces allows the analysis of the competitive environment. SUBSTITUTE of PRODUCTS and services-Low threat of substitute for food products as tescos provides quality goods at low prices Substitutes- indirect- pubs offering food, local marketss or shops, on line suppliers New COMPETITORS – Low rate of competition from new entrants into the market because it takes a huge investment and a new business pathway to capture customers however lidl, aldi have come in to the market capturing a new market with lower prices. Marks and spencer offer food at the high end of the market Old COMPETITORS – High rate of competition from other food retail stores such as asda, Morrison, Sainsbury’s and waitros in the form of price, promotions and retaining customer loyalty. Competitors Sainsbury etc compete as a traditional competitor for market share BARGINING POWER OF BUYERS High bargaining powers of buyers in the supermarkets, high. We have lots of choice as to where we shop. Tesco have to keep on their toes to be competitive. When I take the DLR to work however the buyer has no power, no choice, so prices go up BARGINING POWERS OF SUPPLIERS – suppliers to supermarkets have little power and get squeezed by the big boys. they have to supply at a lower price, will not get paid by tesco until it suits tesco. How to cite Pestel and Porters Tesco, Papers

The Pathophysiology of Adhd Essay Example

The Pathophysiology of Adhd Essay Research on children with ADHD has shown a general reduction of brain volume, but with a proportionally greater reduction in the volume of the left-sided prefrontal cortex. These findings suggest that the core ADHD features of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity may reflect frontal lobe dysfunction, but other brain regions particularly the cerebellum have also been implicated. 88] Neuroimaging studies in ADHD have not always given consistent results and as of 2008 are only used for research not diagnostic purposes. [89] A 2005 review of published studies involving neuroimaging, neuropsychological genetics, and neurochemistry found converging lines of evidence to suggest that four connected frontostriatal regions play a role in the pathophysiology of ADHD: The lateral prefrontal cortex, dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, caudate, and putamen. 90] In one study a delay in development of certain brain structures by an average of three years occurred in ADHD elementary school aged patients. The delay was most prominent in the frontal cortex and temporal lobe, which are believed to be responsible for the ability to control and focus thinking. In contrast, the motor cortex in the ADHD patients was seen to mature faster than normal, suggesting that both slower development of behavioral control and advanced motor development might be required for the fidgetiness that characterizes ADHD. It should be noted that stimulant medication itself may affect growth factors of the central nervous system. [92] The same laboratory had previously found involvement of the 7-repeat variant of the dopamine D4 receptor gene, which accounts for about 30 percent of the genetic risk for ADHD, in unusual thinness of the cortex of the right side of the brain; however, in contrast to other variants of the gene found in ADHD patients, the region normalized in thickness during the teen years in these children, coinciding with clinical improvement. 93] Additionally, SPECT scans found people with ADHD to have reduced blood circulation (indicating low neural activity),[94] and a significantly higher concentration of dopamine transporters in the striatum which is in charge of planning ahead. [95][96] A study by the U. S. Department of Energy’s Brookhaven National Laboratory in collaboration with Mount Sinai School of Medicine in New York suggest that it is not the dopamine transporter lev els that indicate ADHD, but the brains ability to roduce neurotransmitters like dopamine itself. The study was done by injecting 20 ADHD subjects and 25 control subjects with a radiotracer that attaches itself to dopamine transporters. The study found that it was not the transporter levels that indicated ADHD, but the dopamine itself. ADHD subjects showed lower levels of dopamine (hypodopaminergia) across the board. They speculated that since ADHD subjects had lower levels of dopamine to begin with, the number of transporters in the brain was not the telling factor. We will write a custom essay sample on The Pathophysiology of Adhd specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Pathophysiology of Adhd specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Pathophysiology of Adhd specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In support of this notion, plasma homovanillic acid, an index of dopamine levels, was found to be inversely related not only to childhood ADHD symptoms in adult psychiatric patients, but to childhood learning problems in healthy subjects as well. [97] One interpretation of dopamine pathway tracers is that the biochemical reward mechanism works for those with ADHD only when the task performed is inherently motivating; low levels of dopamine raise the threshold at which someone can maintain focus on a task which is otherwise boring. [98] Neuroimaging studies also found that neurotransmitters level (e. . dopamine and serotonin) in the synaptic cleft goes down during depression. [99][100] A 1990 PET scan study by Alan J. Zametkin et al. found that global cerebral glucose metabolism was 8% lower in medication-naive adults who had been hyperactive since childhood. [101] Further studies found that chronic stimulant treatment had little effect on global glucose metabolism,[102] a 1993 study in girls failed to find a decreased global glucose metabolism, but found significant differences in glucose metabolism in 6 specific regions of the brains of ADHD girls as compared to control subjects. The study also found that differences in one specific region of the frontal lobe were statistically correlated with symptom severity. [103] A further study in 1997 also failed to find global differences in glucose metabolism, but similarly found differences in glucose normalization in specific regions of the brain. The 1997 study also noted that their findings were somewhat different than those in the 1993 study, and concluded that sexual maturation may have played a role in this discrepancy. 104] The significance of the research by Zametkin has not been determined and neither his group nor any other has been able to replicate the 1990 results. [105][106][107] Critics, such as Jonathan Leo and David Cohen, who reject the characterization of ADHD as a disorder, contend that the controls for stimulant medication usage were inadequate in some lobar volumetric studies which makes it impossible to determine whether ADHD itself or psychotropic medication used to treat ADHD is responsible f or the decreased thickness observed[108] in certain brain regions. While the main study in question used age-matched controls, it did not provide information on height and weight of the subjects. These variables it has been argued could account for the regional brain size differences rather than ADHD itself. [109][110] They believe many neuroimaging studies are oversimplified in both popular and scientific discourse and given undue weight despite deficiencies in experimental methodology. [109] Diagnosis ADHD is diagnosed via a psychiatric assessment; to rule out other potential causes or comorbidities, physical examination, radiological imaging, and laboratory tests may be used. [111] In North America, the DSM-IV criteria are often the basis for a diagnosis, while European countries usually use the ICD-10. If the DSM-IV criteria are used, rather than the ICD-10, a diagnosis of ADHD is 3–4 times more likely. [13] Factors other than those within the DSM or ICD however have been found to affect the diagnosis in clinical practice. A childs social and school environment as well as academic pressures at school are likely to be of influence. [112] Many of the symptoms of ADHD occur from time to time in everyone; in patients with ADHD, the frequency of these symptoms is greater and patients lives are significantly impaired. Impairment must occur in multiple settings to be classified as ADHD. [32] As with many other psychiatric and medical disorders, the formal diagnosis is made by a qualified professional in the field based on a set number of criteria. In the USA these criteria are laid down by the American Psychiatric Association in their Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV), 4th edition. Based on the DSM-IV criteria listed below, three types of ADHD are classified: ADHD, Combined Type: if both criteria 1A and 1B are met for the past 6 months ADHD Predominantly Inattentive Type: if criterion 1A is met but criterion 1B is not met for the past six months ADHD, Predominantly Hyperactive-Impulsive Type: if criterion 1B is met but criterion 1A is not met for the past six months. 113] The previously used term ADD expired with the most recent revision of the DSM. Consequently, ADHD is the current nomenclature used to describe the disorder as one distinct disorder which can manifest itself as being a primary deficit resulting in hyperactivity/impulsivity (ADHD, predominately hyperactive-impulsive type) or inattention (ADHD predominately inattentive type) or both (ADHD combined type).